Case study of Tata Cross Culture analysis Essay

Case study of Tata Cross Culture analysis - Essay Example Since being advertised in strongly positive terms as cheapest car of the world, it has been the idle gossip around the world (Stokes, Wilson, & Mador, 2010). Significant people of large organisations have been driving in by numbers only to take a look at the most outstanding work of creative engineering in the shape of â€Å"Tata Nano.† Nano is a new form of cars of this century which represents a philosophy of an investor who deliberately decided to go against the prevailing wisdom of other investors of lighter, smaller, cheaper and signify a new age in cheap private transportation and with a possibility of becoming actual, "worldwide deadlock." The word "Nano" is derived from the Greek word ‘Nanos’ which means "small" in the Indic language spoken by the people of India who live in Gujarat in western India which is also the language of the Tata Group’s founders (Stokes, Wilson, & Mador, 2010). In 2003, under the Chairmanship of Mr. Ratan Tata, the project to manufacture a car while keeping the price to one Lac rupees was started. The main aim of this â€Å"Tata Nano plan† was the demand and requirement of many families of India who could not afford 4 wheel cars instead utilized Motorbikes and bicycles for the purpose, and was grounded on the successful project of low cost four wheeled â€Å"Ace truck† by the company in May 2005 (Boone & Kurtz, 2011). Company’s Profile In 1945, Tata Motors was established. ... Among the 3 best companies in the segment of a vehicle carrying passengers, Tata Motors is also included. Tata Motors has manufactured several outstanding cars in utility, compact and medium-size segment. It furnishes its services and products on a worldwide ground. Within India it offers 5 different categories of services and products namely trucks, commercial passenger carriers, passenger cars, defence vehicles, and utility vehicles. Why Tata Nano Is Important The Chairman of Tata Group perceived the thought behind the Tata Nano, when he saw a four member family was travelling via motor scooter in rain. At that time the idea of Nano came in his mind and he desired to manufacture an automobile that could be safe, affordable and could be used in all weather condition (Byron, 2008). (Byron, 2008) This desire of Mr. Ratan Tata emerged as the most inspirational plan of Tata motors till time when the Chairman of Tata Group Mr Ratan Tata stated his thought of Tata Nano to Mr. Ravi Kant, h is managing director. From his managing experience Mr. Ravi Kant had discovered that citizens desire to shift from 2 wheelers vehicle to 4 wheelers vehicles but they have not got enough money for it. Automobile industry of India has an average growth rate of twelve percent for the past decade. Despite that this industry sold only 1.3 million vehicles for passengers in the financial year ending on March 2006. This shows that a billion of peoples of India purchase approximately the equal quantity of cars in a year as three hundred million peoples of US purchase in a period of month. However, this situation could be changed only when the cost of 4 wheels vehicle could be lowered to the extent that

The Purpose Of Transformational Leadership

The Purpose Of Transformational Leadership What is leadership? In the world today, people are getting neglect of the word leadership and abuse the power of the leadership. Few examples of abuse power such as screaming at staff, threatening the staff, setting excessive expectation and demands from staff. When leaders are not using their power correctly, it might lead to a way of bullying. Leadership is a motivating process whereby he or she influences a group to achieve a common goal (Williams McWilliams 2010). Good leaders help the team and direct them to the right way, when the team members feel motivated by their leaders, eventually they will try their best and contribute themselves in their own team. There are many types of leadership, the aim of this essay is to determine the difference between transformational leadership and transactioanl leadership. Transformational leadership define as an approach where it brings changes in a group or team. It is carried out by motivating members of the group to achieve beyond what they could otherwise do. The purpose of transformational leadership is to change and improve a team and transform into a better team to perform better in their work. Besides managing daily work, a transformational leader also work their strategies out for their team to a better performance and success. Transformational leadership is positively related to performance (Jens Rowold, Anette Rohmann, 2009) Transformational leaders also set their targets to push their work team to a greater performance stages and in the time giving chances for personal and professional improvement for all members. A transactional leader motivates subordinates by exchanging rewards for services rendered ( Ming Alan 1990 ). In the other hand, transactional leadership is define as an approach where it requires an exchange process between the leader and followers. Rewards will be awarded to all members who excel in their performance and punishments will given to poor performers. A transactional leader uses disciplinary power and an appropriate amount of rewards to boost team members performance for the best result. Transactional point out that leaders motivate their followers by replacing their results with rewards. Transactional leaders usually only care and make sure everything goes successfully. Transactional leadership is positively related to performance (Jens Rowold, Anette Rohmann, 2009) Transformational leadership and transactional leadership are very important for leading a team to success. Transformational leadership are the point to strategic development of a business and helps to reach to success via the team-building skills and the vision of the leader. Transactional leader gives different benefit depends on their capability. Transactional leader deal with all the informations that collected together to set up a strong and powerful fame in a marketplace and yet maintaining the working team productivity at the best status.Burns (1978) argues that transactional leadership entails an exchange between leader and follower (Deanne et al. 1997). Followers receive certain valued outcomes (e.g. wages, prestige) when they act according to their leaders wishes (Deanne et al. 1997). The differences between transformational leadership and transactional leadership is transformational leadership offer beyond exchanges, rewards and punishment. It is said to have a closer supervisory relationship. For transactional leadership, it has a distant relationship and leaders are alert of the link between performance and reward. Other than that, transformational leadership creates a vision and may motivate followers to strive beyond what they could do, where it brings innovation whereas transactional leadership is more of a straight-forward approach by practicing standards. Moreover, transformational leadership is more active and forms new expectation in employees and transactional leadership is more responsive and the main point is dealing current problems. Furthermore, transformational leader not only stimulates employees to understand and settle the issues, it also creates a learning opportunities and motivate their employees to work smart for targets that go beyond self interest. Transactional leader encourages employees by setting aims and promising bonus for required performance. Tan Sri Anthony Francis Fernandes which also known as Tony Fernandes, is a perfect example of a transformational business leader in Malaysia. Tony Fernandes shown his transformational leadership qualities as a founder of Tune Air SDN BHD. Air Asia became successful and the best airline in asia after Tony Fernandes managing and handling it. This shows that Tony Fernandes is a great leader. The reason why Tony Fernandes is a great transformational leader because during work, he was totally commited to his followers and his business and approachable to the media. Besides that, he wore his companys official cap and T-shirt to most of the official function. He also gave his contact number to the media that he talked to and he did participated himself in an advertisement for his company. By this way he can tighten the relationship between his employees and himself. To be a good leader, brave to take a risk is not enough. Tony Fernandes also made a big changes in AirAsia. He gathered a lot of new and innovative ideas, example of travel insurance, medical care, online booking and etc. He also changed the original concept of the company and replaced with low-cost and no-frills strategy. Directly, this will lower the value of chain. Several indicators has shown that the productivity of the company was excellent compared to the other low-cost market segment company. Tony Fernandes not only fight for his company, his own benefit and his profit, he also fight for environmental friendly as well. Because of him, AirAsia was fighting against paper waste and carbon emissions. In addition, Tony Fernandes succeeded in persuading his employees to unite on his project. He invested on the new aircraft and new type of fuel-efficient Airbus 320 to pull down the cost of maintenance and fuel. Because of that, the cost of marketing was also decreased and his effectiveness of the allocating channel which led him became a good leader towards his followers. He even convince his suppliers to purchase aircraft at a lower price compare with other companies. His performance led rapidly to major profit and this made his employees in the company faithful and loyal to him. From here, this shows that he was totally gained respectful and appreciated by his followers. In overall, transformational leadership nurture the importance of team work, mutual admiration and thinking. Leader should be more intructive, directive and authoritatibe. Type of leadership being used in an organisation does not really matter, what important is how one uses its leadership to achieve its goals and how one proves their productivity, efficiency and credibility.

History of Throgs Neck and Maritime College Essay -- essays research p

History of Throgs Neck and Maritime College. â€Å"In September 1642, John Throgmorton , with 35 families applied to the Dutch authorities in Niew Amsterdam for permission to settle in. Permission was granted in October 1642, and the conlonists settled on the long neck lying south of what is Eastchester Bay today and named it Throgmorton’s Neck after their leader. By the time of the American Revolution, the name had been contracted to Throgg’s Neck. Throgmorton and his colony thrived for short time, for in the later part of 1643, the Siwanoy Indians attacked the colony and destroyed it. Eighteen persons were massacred. Fortunately, at the time of the attack, a passing boat managed to land at the Neck and helped the remaining colonist to escape to safety. Throgmorton escaped but didn’t return to his colony after the massacre. â€Å" (Hamilton, Harlan. Throgs Neck Light. 1-2) Fort is built at Throgs Neck. â€Å"As New York City developed into the nations largest seaport and business center, the strategic value of Throgs Neck as a site for defense of the seaward approaches to the city from Long Island Sound became apparent. Construction of a fort was considered in 1818, and on July 26, 1826, the federal government purchased fifty-two acres of land from William Bayard. Construction of a fort began in 1833 with I.L. Smith as the architect. New England stone masons erected the thick walls of the fort using granite blocks ferried down from Greenwich, Connecticut. Irish laborers did much of ...

What is the origin of hip hop lyricism?

The history of the hip-hop dates back to the 1970s, where people began singing and dancing over strong beats which were sometimes accompanied with spoken words and with great emphasis on the value of lyricism. The love and desire for hip-hop music then became even stronger during the 1980s. By the onset of the eve of 1990s, hip hop became the mainstream of music decorated with ever changing genres and styles which could not be labeled due to the high combination of extreme diversities emanating from different artist. Some from west coast others from the east coast and in between nothing else was seen apart from hip-hop music and culture (Rahn, 2002, 16). The epoch of hip-hop music in 1970s was found with very high original and innovative techniques with DJs in New York highlighting very amazing rhythmic drum breaks and percussion riffs in the popular discos and funks that were played in various clubs. Hip-hop included scratching, rapping, break dancing and graffiti. It was believed that the art of rapping originated from the block parties after the ultra – competitive DJs decided to isolate the percussion breaks from the majority of favorite dances. As a result of this isolation a similar dance began to be observed in Jamaica which was known as dub dance which was composed of elongated percussion breaks (Rahn, 2002, p. 31). Therefore, it is true to believe that hip hop has its roots in the heart of disco . It was a dance that was practically characterized by divisions between detractors of disco music and their fans. Thus the effects of disco led to great transformations in the hip-hop culture and music. The very first original hip hop was literally an example of the disco tenets witnessed from the televised exploration of funky beats to dancing, cloths and corny special effects common with disco dances. At the capital city of United States, the ‘go go’ music also emerged and eventually collaborated with the hip-hop while the electronic dance joined the group creating the house of music based in Chicago. At this point of time the hip hop music developed the club scene. Thus it started realizing the significance of having big names of DJs as a skill towards capturing and drawing larger crowds. The sudden rise of DJs, stirred up the rise and popularity of rap music from the past to the present history. Thus rap music stirred up hip hop expanding and extending the functions of MCs, and DJs. One very significant task attached to the MCs, was to introduce the DJs, on stage together with his/her crew of artists performing together (Flores, 2000, p. 6). The task of entertaining and keeping the audience alert was also a task pledged to the MC. Skillfully and talented MCs filled with cool artistic skills and high charismatic strategies on stage became instrumental to the to the rise and popularity of rap artists and hip-hop music. Thus the history of hip-hop and rap music is founded on the humble beginnings of MCs and DJs together with the rise of break-dancers, rap artists and taggers all oc curring in the New York City. Surprisingly towards the late 1970s, hip-hop music received extraordinary expansion by gaining very high commercial powers when it established its meteoric popular music style in America consequently achieving popularity in the whole world (Alridge, Stewart, 2005, p, 125). In 1990 a sub – genre of rap music emerged known as gangsta rap that caught America by surprise. The organization of the controversial lyrics which were specifically based on sex, street violence, and drugs lured the American youths into its systems and apparently crossed over to capture the socio economic groupings. All along its history hip-hop music has continued to rise till to the present still with very high sense of popularity (Flores, 2000, p. 47). However, its history would be incomplete without teaching the roles of the performers who made it a success. That is the hip hop designers and artisans. Hip-hop music is a composition of artists who and rappers and they typically major on their personal life experiences, social problems occurring around them, important life events and personal stories which they wish to alert the public about. Rap music is also used to signify fictional themes and romanticized editions which are also appealing to the public and they have educative values about a specific group of people. Rap music evolves very strong rhythmic aspects accompanied by soothing spoken lyrics which evoke intense rhythms and intense beats (Rahn, 2002, p. 1128). They a well known for their special adaptive skills and techniques in using poetic strategies which are accompanied by alliterations and simple rhymes. The history of hip-hop music is a kit for preserving culture based the instrumental tracks and beats that have been played by different artists including beats and rhythms which have been collectively sampled from different categories of individuals in the globe. These samples include the well known and popular rock, funk and soul songs played by different artists. Such rhythms and sound are in away integrated synthesized and reinvented with the original indiginoeous twists done by performers (Flores, 2000, p. 7). However, the expansion of hip-hop music was also stirred to a large extend by the concept of minimalism and more specifically the invention of the modern electronic minimalism which brought full transformation replacing the extensive mess of ornamentation which existed in both classical and popular lyrics. This went a had to clearing the palates thus creating room for autobahn which stirred the discovery of the modern rhythms. Hip-hops are composed from different genres (Alridge, Stewart, 2005, p. 1131). such as the west African griots, a group which consists of praise singers and wandering poets, protestants sermons with teachings on spiritual reforms and Christina music, world music that is composed of outstanding traditions and cultures that cut across verities of people and many more driving genres especially borrowed from the Afro – Caribbean entertainments, scat singing and great heroic tales and rhymes. There are two other commonly popular types of hip hops that are currently taking their roots in the world namely, the American Graffiti and the breaking dance. Thus the history of hip-hop music is significantly very influential and it has played a lot in the construction of the present music.

Inspirational Leader

1. 0 Introduction The Book that I had selected on business is â€Å"The Inspirational Leader† which written by John P G Tan. John P G Tan is one of the country’s highly sought after leadership trainer and speaker. The purpose of this book is to help bring about better management and leadership amongst the people of the country. His belief is that we can become leaders who can make the difference. John P G Tan trains for companies large and small and his training sessions have been consistently rated as excellent, exciting and enriching.He runs his own training company, Professional Skills Trainers Sdn Bhd, and has developed â€Å"The Inspirational Leader† program, a program which made a difference to countless people. Besides that this book is to give us the skills that we need to turn from a scratcher to a soarer. (John (2002) said) This book will also point us in the direction of the areas that we will need further development on. We can become inspiring leader s, but we must know the skills and the reason for being inspirational rather than remaining mediocre of this great transformation process. John (2002) said) So it is with leadership. There are those who think that they are leaders when in reality the only thing that they are leading is themselves into delusion about their leadership abilities. On the other hand, there are those who lead their team to greater heights, whose goal in life is to add value to those for whom they are responsible. There are the ones who inspire us to go on. (John (2002) said) This book will help is discover just how to become an inspiring leader.The book gives us, step-by-step, and in a very down-to-earth manner, the skills that we will need to, for examples, get your leadership paradigms right, overcome negative mindsets of leadership, think out of the box, acquire the essential skills that you will need to become an effective, inspiring leader. 2. 0 Climbing Up the Inspirational Leadership Rungs To becom e an effective leader, one has to climb the Five steps of Leadership. John believe that there are perhaps 6 Levels to the question of leadership. He call this the 6 Rungs of Inspirational Leadership. John (2002) said)The reason is because RUNGS denote that we have some climbing to do, that effort is needed if we want to proceed and that the effort will require us feet as well as our hands. The journey is not an easy one but rewarding one nonetheless. The first Rung is that of YEARNING. At this level, we are not even a leader yet. We just eyeing the horizon, thinking about all the wonderful things that we would do if we were a leader. John’s experience is that most of the people here are around the 25-28 years of age bracket, educated and who have a desire to go forward.For some, the way forward seems to be well prepared, but for most of us the way ahead can seem rather hazy. But we have that desire to progress and to that end our arm ourselves with the necessary qualification s and training to get to that next level. (John (2002) said) The second rung is that of BEING, being the manager or leader, that is, we get here by being technically competent. At this point people follow you because, quite frankly, they just don’t have a choice. You are their boss and whether they like it or not, they are going to have to take orders from you.Not the prettiest of situations to be in, but a situation relished by some people nonetheless. But before you go off and think that this rung is therefore obsolete, think against. It is a position that you must have. But you must not stay put here. You must have the desire to keep on keeping on. (John (2002) said) The third rung is the rung of BEFRIENDING. Here, your subordinated actually quite enjoy being with you and will actually do things for you because they want to rather than feel that they have to.At this level, to get people to turn towards loving you, you would have to practice a fair amount of human relations skills, as well as communication skills. The problem is that most of us progress upwards on technical competence. (John (2002) said) Rung four is the rung of PRODUCING. This is when people admire you because they see that your leadership brings about results. They come to you with a problem and you help them solve the problem, not refer them to some other department. They come to you with a crisis and you develop opportunities out of that crisis.The level four person is one adroit in the skills of problem solving, creative thinking and communication. (John (2002) said) The fifth rung had to do with what you have done with your subordinates. The other levels were generally about you but a level five, the rung of REPLICATION, you are more concerned about your people’s development. At this level, the leader’s concern is about helping his people develop to their fullest potential. (John (2002) said) The last level, level 6 is about INSPIRING. Here, the people are loyal to you because you are loyal to them. Here, they are true followers because they see in you a true leader.They are willing to walk two miles when you asked for an extra one because they saw the same trait in you. At this level, you are an inspiration to the people around you. (John (2002) said) 3. 0 The 3 Essential Skills A guy called Robert L Katz did some research and found that we all needed three essential skills. He called these skills technical skills, human skills and conceptual skills. (John (2002) said) Technical skills are essentially knowledge skills, the type of skills you acquire when you go to college and university for your studies. At the lower level management, technical skills are of great importance.This simply means that if you are to begin progressing, you will need to be technically competent. (John (2002) said) Human skills are the skills required to work with human beings and since almost all work is centered around other human beings, we will be in great need of these skills. Executives in all levels of management require this skill be it lower, middle or top level management. People who have this skill are able to get the best out of their people towards greater heights of achievement and self-development. All of us believe that we are pretty good at handling people.But the truth is that for most part there are more people who practice bad human relations skills than those who practice good ones. (John (2002) said) The third skill is that of conceptual skills, the ability to think and conceptualize, visualize and then help make things materialize as a result of the ability to look ahead. This skill becomes more and more important as you climb higher up to the 6-R. As you get to the level of Producing, you are going to need lots of this skill. Conceptual skill is like that, that is if we have it, and use it. We create value for others be they our internal customers or our external ones.Conceptual skills help us to surpass the competition , position and reposition products and services so that we create value for those we serve. This in turns brings in a level of loyalty that we would not have otherwise achieved. (John (2002) said) 4. 0 Stop That Bad Trickle Down The problem with management and leadership is that they suffer from what is sometimes called the trickle down effect. What is the trickle down effect? Simply this. We get into the job market. We report to a boss who is less than inspiring. These not quite so professional bosses push down lousy management practices and principles on us.By virtue of the fact that we are at the bottom of the totem people, we dare not challenge any of these bad bosses. The day arrives and we become bosses. Now is the time to let out some of our pent-up feelings. So we push down all the things that we didn’t like pushed at us to those below us. We trickle down bad management and leadership practices. The guys below us wait till it’s their turn to do more of the same . Well, it’s about time this is stopped. And it can stop with you. (John (2002) said) Take a little time off and ask yourself what are the good things that you have learned from your previous bosses.List these things down. Basically, listing down the good things that you have seen in your bosses. Make sure that you trickle these down to your subordinates. Then ask yourself what are the not so nice things that you have had to lap up from those above you. List them and make sure that you do not perpetuate these practices. 5. 0 Treat People As People Let’s start with this major area of self-development- if you want to turn hate to love, for example, the area of Human Skills. One of the problems that we face today is that people don’t really care for one another. We are only nice to others when we need them to do something for us.At other times, we are nice to them because we might need them to do something for us in the future. The rest of the time, we just canâ₠¬â„¢t seem to be bothered. We have lost the sense of looking at people as people. We often mouth words like â€Å"people are our biggest assets† and then we go and treat them otherwise. Insincerity is rife in management today. We tend to look at people only as things to help us achieve our objectives. In many situations we call up others not to find out how they are, but to see if we could somehow solicit their help to achieve some goals that we have. (John (2002) said) Treat people as people.If you like being treated as a thing, useable to others only when they need you, then do the same. Don’t bother to inquire after health and well being of your subordinates. Only call on them when you need things done. And when you don’t need them, cast them away. (John (2002) said) If you do that, then please remember, that’s what they will do to you too. Take a good look at yourself today and very sincerely ask yourself the following questions. Please be brutally si ncere and honest with yourself. Am I a user? Do i really look after cares and concerns of my subordinates or do I just tend to look after my own cares and concerns?Do I ooze charm only when I need the other person’s help? Or am I really concerned about the developmental welfare of my people? 6. 0 Watch The Words It is easier said than done. Criticizing, condemning and complaining are about the easiest things to do, almost second nature to most of us. A simple example will illustrate this point. (John (2002) said) When you are out driving your car and someone overtakes you rather recklessly what is your normal reaction? I would bet that the tough â€Å"crazy driver† would have gone through your mind more than once. Looks like we are about the only ones driving at the right speeds on the roads.We have the habits, and it’s a bad habit, of looking at things, seeing the worst in them and then condemning the person or persons involved. (John (2002) said) Well it was s imply this, that negative words can really kill a person’s initiative. And when we have done that, it can take ages to try and win that person’s confidence back against. Watch your words. Take a good look over your vocal thesaurus and see what kind of words, phrases and jargon you use. Learn to reduce the usage of words that criticize, condemn and complain. (John (2002) said) Remember, if you are a manager, your words hold weight. So what has this got to do with black dot?Just this, address the black dots when you see them. But address them with words that build and develop, not words that destroy and demotivate. 7. 0 The Other Guy’s Got Right Too We are still looking at the rung of Befriending at rung three where you are trying to change the attitudes and mindset of the people whom you manage from one of â€Å"have to† to â€Å"want to†. This if you remember, is a prerequisite of changing from hate to love. (John (2002) said) At this point it migh t be a good idea to take a look at this principle, the principle that the other guy does have rights, the same kinds of rights that you have.Perhaps a good place to start would be to look at what some of these rights are. People have the right to be respected and to be treated in a respectful manner. It matters not what his or her station in life is, the point is simple. If that person is a human being, then he or she deserves to be treated with some level of respect. (John (2002) said) The trouble is that most of us equate respect for the other person with his or her socio-economic status. Thus a doctor gets greater amount of respect than say a perhaps a construction worker.The guy who comes around to sell lottery tickets, well, he is a nuisance anyway, disturbing our peace as we have dinner and so does not deserve that much respect. (John (2002) said) We do not actually list down who gets more respect, but we judge and we act accordingly very quickly. I believe that people have th e right to disagree with us. Just try and remember this one, the other guy’s got rights too. 8. 0 The Wisdom Of The Open Mouth Well, the open mouth is basically about how we speak with people, what we do with our mouths. It’s about positive communication skills and therein lies the important words – positive.There are many people who relay nothing but negatives when they open their mouth. Their talk is all about the bad side of people, situations, whatever. Would that they refrain from opening their mouths and fouling up the air. (John (2002) said) Yet there are others who, despite their problems, maintain a positive front and convey nothing but goodness from their mouths. But the Wisdom of the Open Mouth is not about not saying negative things. It’s about saying positive things, saying things in such as way as to edify, to build up the other person, to add value to what is being said and whom it is being said to.At this point it may be good to remind our selves that the wisdom of the open mouth lies not only in the mouth but in the heart and in the mind. The Wise Mouth knows that the brain and the heart must be engaged before words are spewed forth. (John (2002) said) The Wise Mouth thinks before speaking. The Wise Mouth has decided that the words that come from it will build human relation bridges rather than barriers. The Wise Mouth has decided that it will encourage rather than discourage, edify rather than vilify, mold rather than scold. John (2002) said) The Wise Mouth will seek out ways to say things in a positive, caring manner and in so doing add value to those around him or her.The Wise Mouth will not allow foul words to contaminate it. Foul words do nothing but offer an illusion of comfort. Give yourself an oral check-up. Are you generally spreading the good news or the bad news? God knows that there is enough bad news in the world today – take a peek at your daily newspaper and you will get the drift. Kind words ar e often hard to come by, but when they do come by, they add such a dimension of real warmth and comfort to one’s soul. John (2002) said) 9. 0 TeamWork Truth be told, this word â€Å"TeamWork† or Teambuilding is overused and under-understood. Most of us think that teamwork is just about a bunch of people, wearing the same T-shirts, working together. But is that all there is to teamwork? Not by a mile it isn’t. (John (2002) said) The role of inspirational leader’s role in a team is to lead the team to higher grounds, setting down greater and greater challenges. Every team, in order to do well, must plan ahead. But planning ahead is not just about anticipating what actions the team will have to do first next and so on.Planning requires us to also look at what we would like to be or like to achieve at the end of the activity period. (John (2002) said) It is easy to evaluate our team members on quantitative results but such results are not the be-all and end-a ll of team efforts. Perhaps leaders ought to be looking at things like value-inculcation of their team members as well. Inspirational Leaders do one thing much better than uninspiring ones – they encourage their people to talk, to participate, to give feedback – whether positive or negative feedback. John (2002) said) Inspirational leaders also tend to inspire their teams by allowing greater levels of participation in team activities and in team decision making. It is the leader’s duty to bring the best out of his or her people. Look at them and spot their strengths and then strengthen them even further. By sending them for further training and then allowing them to practice what they have learned during those training sessions. By writing up a three – year development plan for these folks. By not waiting for them to ask you to develop them, but to do so proactively. John (2002) said) Then you need to look at their faults and remedy them immediately.Never allows a subordinate’s faults to become a habit for habits are hard to break. 10. 0 Motivating There are two kinds of motivation – one that is centered around motivating yourself and another that is centered around motivating others. At this juncture, I want to only address the one which is centered around motivating others. (John (2002) said) The first principle of motivating others I believe has to do with our own perception of people. This one is really quite self-evident; you treat people nice, they tend to treat you nice. John (2002) said) You treat them bad and you can bet your boots that they will treat you rotten. Somehow, unfortunately, most of us just don’t quite seem to get this into our heads. The second principle of motivating others has to do with giving them the recognition that they deserve for the work well done. A third principle in motivation is simply this – your integrity level. Say what you mean and mean what you say.Always keep to your word. As an inspirational manager your word and your integrity is more important than your signature. John (2002) said) Nothing destroys the confidence that your people have in you than a lack of integrity. Principle number four has to do with involving people. Getting your people involved in the work that you are doing, getting them involved in the decision making process, communicating with them your intentions and asking for their feedback tend to result in better all-round performance and productivity. (John (2002) said) Principle number five has to do with rewards. Make sure that you reward your people for work done. The problem is that too many of us take the easy way out when rewarding our people.We bribe them with money, and only money. Think about how to reward people in different ways. (John (2002) said) 11. 0 The Inspirational Leader At Work The inspirational leader is one who keeps on keeping on; who keeps on reading and learning more and more about the business, th e science and the art of leading, managing and inspiring his or her people. (John (2002) said) Most of us start the journey at a point, when we were formally appointed into some sort of managerial or leadership role. At that point in time, most of us only had our technical expertise to fall back on. John (2002) said)We had little by way of awareness of the skills required to become better leaders. We were at the stage of Unconscious Incompetence. What this means is that we did not know that we lacked the skills of becoming a good leader. (John (2002) said) Then people complain about us or higher ups recognize our lack of ability and they point these shortcomings to us. At this point we move from Unconscious Incompetence to the stage of Conscious Incompetence. (John (2002) said) We now know that we don’t know. A big help this is – but it is nonetheless a good start.We then embark on training programs and so on to enhance our leadership skills. (John (2002) said) We lear n new things to practice. Some of the things in this book might be new to some of you – but to others, they might not. Whatever it is, you learn and begin to practice. You are now in the stage of Conscious Competence. (John (2002) said) What this means is that you have now decided to put into practical application what you have actually learned. Here’s something for those if you who have learned but refuse to translate that learning into practical application – you are still at Conscious Incompetence.Progress is slow and sometimes mistakes are made. But that is really quite acceptable. This is the stage of Conscious Competence. (John (2002) said) You are able to do what is required of you – but you have to think through it before you can practicalize it. The last stage is that of Unconscious Competence. At this stage, you are able to unconsciously put into practice all the various principles that you have learned. All the stuff that has been written in th e preceding chapters is no longer a problem for you. Because you have been practicing them, you have been incrementally improving on them. John (2002) said) 12. 0 Conclusion For as long as we retain our humanness, all of us are going to make mistakes. But then mistakes are simply opportunities to improve.The inspirational leader knows how to take corrective steps when he or she makes mistakes – including apologizing for their mistakes. Then he or she picks up the pieces and gets on with it. As the leader keeps improving, he or she gets to level 6 of the 6-Rungs of Leadership. Here, he or she knows how to delegate, motivate, communication, reward inspire and lead his or her people through the synergistic practice if all the skills acquired.Please don’t think that all there is to being inspirational is in this book. There are just so much more to know, to understand, to practice. The inspirational leader is a true professional who understands the needs to continue improv ing. He picks up extra skills, skills on assertiveness, strategic thinking and a whole range of other career-enhancing skills that will make him an asset to his company, his bosses, his peers and his subordinates. Some final words, is the journey worth it? Those who have travelled that road with me all agree that it is. Those who have travelled that road as my subordinates believe that it is.

Changing Date for Australia Day Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Changing Date for Australia Day Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Changing Date for Australia Day Name Institutional Affiliation Reasons Why Australia Day should be Changed . Native Australians associate January 26th with the invasion of their country. o It is a painful reminder of the harmful past that the aboriginals had to endure, the commencement of massacres, oppression, and land grabbing from the aboriginals. o On this day, people celebrate what is great about Australia. That means celebrating the history of Australia on a day that marks the commencement of suffering to the natives. . The original people of Australia deserve to mourn on the day their ancestors were invaded. o They should not be asked to forget and move on. The day should be remembered for atrocities that were committed, and not celebrated by the generations of people who perpetrated the crimes that their counterparts mourn. . The day relates to the destruction of the native population way of life and culture. o Celebrating Australia day on January 26 condones the start of genocide, racism, the end of freedoms to the indigenous population. . Changing the date presents an opportunity for all Australians to admit a wrong was done, and give an opportunity towards making things right. o It is fundamentally wrong to celebrate a day that marks the start of abuse for some people. . The Australian day celebration on January 26th glorifies the triumph of imperialism, while at the same time ignoring the guilt presented by the particular day. o On that day, indigenous people were displaced and disempowered and thus, the day must be changed to have inclusivity. . For many young aboriginals, 26th January represents the date that their ancestors were dispossessed of their rightful property and deaths. o Thus, to them, it is not a celebration to respect the diversity of Australians, but a day that suffering began for one particular group. . The day celebrates old history. o The modern Australia is multicultural, but the day marks dispossession of a people and the British settlement as well as the history of tragedy. Thus, celebrating Australia is not the problem; it is the date that it is celebrated on that poses the problem. References Amnesty International. (2017, January 24). 'WHY I DIDN'T CELEBRATE AUSTRALIA DAY': 9 INDIGENOUS AND NON-INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS DISCUSS WHY THE DATE SHOULD CHANGE. Retrieved from Amnesty International: https://www.amnesty.org.au/australia-day-change-the-date-2017/ Australia Today. (2017). INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS. Retrieved from Australia Today: https://www.australiaday.com.au/about/indigenous-australians/ IndegenousX. (2017). Why we need to change the date of Australia Day. Retrieved from IndegenousX: http://indigenousx.com.au/why-we-need-to- change-the-date-of-australia-day/#.WOoMHkV95dh Lui, N. (2014, January 25). Australia Day is a time for mourning, not celebration. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/26/australia-day-is- a-time-for-mourning-not-celebration The Conversation. (2015, January 25). The day I don't feel Australian? That would be Australia Day. Retrieved from The Conversation: http://theconversation.com/the-day-i-dont-feel-australian-that-would- be-australia-day-36352 The Conversation. (2017, January 25). Changing Australia Day is pointless - and there is much to celebrate. Retrieved from The Conversation: http://theconversation.com/changing-australia-day-is-pointless-and- there-is-much-to-celebrate-71010 Waxman, O. B. (2017, January 25). What to Know About the History Behind Australia Day. Retrieved from Time: http://time.com/4644497/australia- day-2017-history-origins/

graduate1 essays

graduate1 essays The American animation The Simpsons is now in its 10th season as a show in its own right. It was created by Matt Groening as shorts for the Tracy Ullman Show and was bought by the Fox Network, which began screening it as half-hour shows in 1989. Initially its success was restricted to the 9-16 year old age group, and for animation there is nothing remarkable about this. Its success grew quickly and it is now popular in many countries with many different audiences. "In the 1990s we are seeing dramatic transformations in media industries and media cultures. In geographical terms, these transformations may be seen in the shift from national to global media." The Simpsons can be seen as both a remarkable piece of global culture and as a hugely successful piece of global television. (One need only look on an Internet search engine to discover that there are literally millions of Simpsons fan-sites around the world.). The Simpsons themselves are a simple family in a small town in Middle Am erica called Springfield. They are: Homer (loyal but stupid father), Marge (dissatisfied, trapped housewife/mother), Bart (rebellious son), Lisa (unappreciated genius daughter), and Maggie (silent baby). The show also revolves around a number of other of the townsfolk, such as Mr Burns (Homer's miserly boss), Smithers (Burns's loving assistant), Apu (Indian shop owner), Principal Skinner and Moe (owner of the local bar). There are a number of reasons why we cannot simply view The Simpsons as a cartoon like any other. The rules and conventions that it follows are far more those of television or cinema than those of animation. The humour within The Simpsons exists on many different levels ranging from the obvious to the subtle, from the literary to the movie reference, and beyond. But most importantly we must consider the show's ability to make significant social comment, on general issues of culture and society, but more specifically on television, film and ...

Halloween Movie Quotes That Will Haunt You

Halloween Movie Quotes That Will Haunt You Hollywood has produced some fabulous horror classics. Movies like Nightmare on Elm Street, House on Haunted Hill, The Shining, and The Sixth Sense are blockbusters that made horror a winning formula. What makes horror movies so enticing?​ Halloween  commemorates the living and the dead, the real and the surreal. Even for a non-believer, Halloween is a fun festival as it creates an aura of mystery and daredevilry around us. Likewise, horror movies are thrilling because of special effects, mysterious plotline, and voodoo science. Stories about the supernatural try to unravel the mysteries that surround death and rebirth. Horror Movies Quotes Use these Halloween movie quotes to spook your party guests. With voice modulation and the right sound effects, these quotes can make any brave-heart shudder. You can also use these quotes to decorate your Halloween party invites, party favors, and thank you cards. Nightmare on Elm StreetChildren: One, two. Reds calling for you. Three, four. Better lock your door. Five, six. Grab your crucifix. Seven, eight. Gonna stay up late. Nine, ten. Never sleep again.Planet TerrorDr. William Block: Im gonna eat your brains, and gain your knowledge.The Addams FamilyMorticia [to Gomez, watching Pugsley sleep]:  Its so sweet. He looks just like a little entrà ©e.The HauntingTheodora: Havent you noticed how nothing in this house seems to move until you look away and then you just... catch something out of the corner of your eye?The UninvitedRoderick Fitzgerald: Thats not because there are most ghosts here than other places, mind you. Its just that people who live here about are strangely aware of them. You see, day and night, year in, year out, they listen to the pound and stir of the waves. Theres life and death in that restless sound. And eternity too.The OthersMrs. Mills: Sometimes the world of the living gets mixed up with the world of the dead. The Addams FamilyMargaret [to Morticia]: You are too precious for words, why I could just... eat you alive!The OthersMrs. Mills: The intruders are leaving, but others will come. Sometimes well sense them. Other times, we wont.The FlyVeronica Quaife: Be afraid. Be very afraid.Silence of the LambsHannibal Lecter: I ate his liver with some fava beans and a fine Chianti.Childs PlayChucky: Hi! Im Chucky. Want to play?Dawn of the DeadTelevangelist: When theres no more room in hell, the dead will walk the earth.The Sixth SenseCole Sear: I see dead people.Halloween H20: 20 Years LaterNorma Watson: You know, its Halloween. I guess everyone is entitled to one good scare, huh?Halloween (1978)Dr. Sam Loomis: Death has come to your little town, Sheriff. You can either ignore it, or you can help me to stop it.Halloween (2007)Dr. Samuel Loomis: These eyes will deceive you, they will destroy you. They will take from you, your innocence, your pride, and eventually your soul. These eyes do not see wha t you and I see. Behind these eyes one finds only blackness, the absence of light, these are of a psychopath. Halloween (1978)Tommy: You cant kill the Boogey man.American PsychoPatrick Bateman: I want to stab you to death, and then play around with your blood.Friday the 13thCrazy Ralph: Im a messenger of God. Youre doomed if you stay here. This place is cursed. Cursed... Its got a death curse!

The Negative effect of Climate Change on Food Security in the Essay - 1

The Negative effect of Climate Change on Food Security in the Caribbean - Essay Example There is also the risk of islands disappearing in the Caribbean, Pacific and Indian Oceans. This can lead to production of large amounts of greenhouse gases which effect the Food adversely (Romeo et al. 2010). Deforestation and degradation of the land are intolerable practices in the agricultural sector. This causes large amount of carbon to be emitted in the atmosphere causing negative effects of climate change to occur. There is a need to harmonize the climate change and food security policies. In the Caribbean and Latin America alone, almost 53 million people suffered from hunger due to food insecurities caused by the negative climate change (Romeo et al. 2010). This needs to be monitored so that things can be improved and standardized for the betterment of the people’s lifestyle. Unfortunately the persistent issue of hunger in a world which is characterized by sufficient supply of wealth and food to feed the entire humanity along with the severe climate change has caused several people to lose hope. Romeo, C. C. M., Escajedo, S. E. L., Emaldi, C. A., & CaÃŒ tedra Interuniversitaria FundacioÃŒ n, European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics., BBVA-DiputacioÃŒ n Foral de Bizkaia de Derecho y Genoma Humano. (2010).  Global food security: Ethical and legal challenges : EurSafe 2010, Bilbao, Spain, 16-18 September, 2010. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic

I will explain it in the instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

I will explain it in the instructions - Essay Example   Therefore, authorizing euthanasia results to doctor-assisted death of non-critical casualties1. Conservatives like in America wants a dominion on the world .Only if Americans synergetic ally work tough, and attain the potential, then they reign as the only cost-effective and martial superpower. Other countries will befriend them, work with us and trade with them but cannot manage to contest with them, whereas, liberals don’t want the nation to be much successful as such1. Liberals  consider the action of the state governance to provide opportunities fairly to all and equality.   It is upon the government to assuage the social ills to defend social independence, entity and human rights. The essential responsibility of government is to care for the general wellness and secretive civil rights which were considered inextricably associated if not similar people concur to restrictions on their conduct by conceding to government definite imperfect powers and only if the government policy represented in both public and private rights  while on the other hand, Conservatives  holds on individual accountability, partial government, liberal markets, character autonomy, traditional2.   Believe the task of government ought to endow people with the liberty required to practice the goals of their desire. Conventional policy commonly emphasizes on strengthening individuals to handle their own questions at hand1. The importance of ideology differences became a theoretical debate just after the assertion of the occurrence in political discourse2. This is due to the fact that main components of ideology cover political behavior and use of propaganda to obtain both within and global legitimacy to be recorded since in the past. A severe methodical investigation of the ideological mechanism in intercontinental associations turned out to be promising, subsequent to two situations that were realised. To

Judeo - Christian Bible and the Islamic Qu'ran Essay

Judeo - Christian Bible and the Islamic Qu'ran - Essay Example It is evident that the omnipotence and the omnipresence of the one God led to the basics of Islam. The single divinity acceptance unified all things, and this led to harmony throughout the universe in the due to the impact of Islam and Christianity (Silberstein, 159). Another similarity that Judeo-Christian bible and the Islamic Qur’an have is traced in the heritage to the Biblical patriarch, Abraham. In the context, Abraham is referred to as the father of nations in Genesis 12 and to Christians it means that they are descendants of Abraham. The bible also creates the awareness that we are the inheritance of God’s promises to Abraham. Islams believe that Islamic religion came from Ishmael the son of Abraham and the maidservant Hagar (Silberstein, 158). The differences between the Bible and the Quran have is back dated to the Deity of Jesus. Qur’an shows Jesus as a prophet just like Noah, Moses and Abraham. Islam’s compare him with Prophet Mohammad, who was a descendant of Ishmael. This is apparent in Koran 4:171 that say, â€Å"Jesus, who was the son of Mary, and was not more than Allah’s apostle (Bogle,4-5). Conversely, Christians view Jesus as greater than a prophet. The Bible depicts him as the son of God. The statement is evident in John 4:26 where Jesus claimed to be God’s son. 1st Timothy 3:16 states that Jesus was used by God to manifest his flesh (Burgos, 76). Another difference is on the internal judgment. The Qur’an explains that those who murder or are killed by unbelievers will go back to the garden of paradise a place of many lustful pleasures (Koran 9:111). As for the Bible it outlines that those who believe in Jesus Christ and have let him lead their life will enjoy eternity in heaven (Burgos, 80). The other view of internal judgment the Qur’an teaches that those who worship any other god other than Allah will have a great punishment as they will go to hell,

Cloud Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Cloud Computing - Essay Example Given the close linkages between financial services firms and cutting edge technology, it makes for eminent business sense to remain on top of the â€Å"convergence† that is happening between IT and financial services. Cloud computing is altering the way business is done and the way business services are provided by bringing about a paradigm shift in the way excess computing power and storage space can be used. Cloud Computing works by aggregating the computing power of individual computers and then centralizing the same so as to derive maximum advantage for the users. Since UVW does not have to invest in additional capacity whenever it takes on more users, we stand to gain from the double benefit of efficiencies from economies of scale and cost savings because of outsourcing our requirements to providers of cloud computing services. For UVW to remain competitive in the financial services market, we need to embrace next generation IT services like what other global financial conglomerates like Goldman Sachs are doing by renting out cloud providers to host their data and provide them computing power. The use of offshore datacenters by these financial services firms has helped them to cut their IT costs significantly. In the context of the financial services firms undergoing an era of rapid change in the way they do business, it is necessary for UVW to embrace innovation and be at the forefront of emerging technologies. By embracing cloud computing in its business, UVW can thus remain competitive as well as ride the wave of change that is sweeping the financial services

F1 case Studay answering some questions using some markiting Assignment - 1

F1 case Studay answering some questions using some markiting methodology - Assignment Example All Ferrari cars are red in colour representing Italy’s national colour. The factory at Maranello is a state of the art infrastructure and is an up-to-date facility. Ferrari cars have always been low on displaying their sponsors logo and names. Being one of the oldest companies in the business Ferrari has had its share of ups and downs. The journey has not been a smooth one for Ferrari. New Zealander Bruce McLaren, who was a F1 driver himself, founded by McLaren in 1966. McLaren registered its first victory in 1968 but the true dominance of McLaren was in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The domination was such that McLaren won 15 out of the 16 races in a year in the period. Williams was founded by Frank Williams and again Frank too was a driver. Williams lead the technological development in F1 that was triggered in the early 1990s. William dominated F1 from 1992 – 1994. 1975 – 1978 was a great time for Ferrari as it dominated F1. Ferrari bagged both drivers and constructors world championship in 1975 and followed it up with the constructors championship in 1976. The tragic accident of Lauda which kept him away from action for nearly 6 weeks was the reason that Ferrari could not get the drivers’ championship in 1976. Ferrari won both drivers and constructors championship in 1977, and the drivers’ championship in 1978. During this period Ferrari made few changes to its structure. Montezemolo was promoted to head the entire motorsport operations of Fiat, while Danielle Audetto was made Ferrari’s sporting Director. The strategy here was to replicate the success of Ferrari with Fiat. This strategy backfired as Audetto was not able to fill in the shoes of Montezemolo. He failed to develop a strong relationship with the lead driver and the design team. This eventually led to Lauda moving out of Ferrari. Also during this time, Ferrari became complacent and adopted a short-termed focused strategy wherein it tried to develop their

Wolseley Accounts Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wolseley Accounts Report - Essay Example This report will analyse the financial performance of Wolseley Group and how the group has performed in the last year or so. The report has been divided into three sections; the first section of the report will discuss and analyse how the group has performed in the last three years, the second section of the report will analyse the financial performance of the company using financial ratios of the year 2010 and 2009. The third section of the report will discusses about one of the items in the current assets of the company’s balance sheet, financial receivables. Section 1: Analysing the performance of Wolseley Group Wolseley Group is the leading trade distributor of heating and plumbing products to different professional contractors. The group operates in 25 countries and has more than 4000 branches around the world with more than 47,000 employees working for the Wolseley Group (Wolseley Group, 2011). The financial crisis has made a huge impact on different industries therefore the industries to which the Wolseley Group has been offering its products were affected as well. The demand of the products had reduced considerably around the world and therefore it influenced the sales of the company negatively. One of the most important industries to which the group has been offering its products is the construction industry. The clients of the Wolseley Group include large construction companies, professional contracts, individual contracts etc. However, with the economic crunch, the overall demand of the of construction projects has reduced to a great extent. There have been several factors that have lead to the reduction in the demand of construction industry as currently the economy is suffering with more unemployment and lower credit available, large number of housing inventory remained unsold etc. Therefore all these have resulted in reduction in overall construction in both the commercial as well as the residential sector. The following image reflects diff erent sectors of the group and it can be seen that most of them are directly or indirectly related to the construction industry. (Wolseley Group, 2010) In several countries including United States of America, United Kingdom, Nordic region, France and Central and Eastern European countries, the sales have reduced however only in Canada the sales of the Wolseley Group grew in the year 2010. But the problem is that Canada only contributes 6% of the total sales of the company as it has been shown in the image below. (Wolseley Group, 2010) All in all, the overall performance can be said to have improved as the sales declined by almost 14% in the year 2009 however in 2010 this figure has reduced to 6% and therefore it can be considered as a positive sign for the group. (Wolseley Group, 2010) Section 2: Analysing The Financial Performance Of The Group Using Financial Ratios Financial ratios are used to analyse the financial performance of the company. Financial ratios are used to analyse a nd compare one company from the other and it is also used to compare the performance of the company with its past performances (Ross, Westerfield, and Jordan, 2009). This section of the report will analyse the compare the financial performance of the company in the year 2009 and 2010 using financial ratios. Different types of financial ratios like the profitability ratios, liquidity ratios and the efficiency ratios are used in this report to analyse the performance of the company in the two years under study. Profitability Ratios Profitability ratios are used to analyse the profitability of the company. The higher the value of the profitability

F1 case Studay answering some questions using some markiting Assignment - 1

F1 case Studay answering some questions using some markiting methodology - Assignment Example All Ferrari cars are red in colour representing Italy’s national colour. The factory at Maranello is a state of the art infrastructure and is an up-to-date facility. Ferrari cars have always been low on displaying their sponsors logo and names. Being one of the oldest companies in the business Ferrari has had its share of ups and downs. The journey has not been a smooth one for Ferrari. New Zealander Bruce McLaren, who was a F1 driver himself, founded by McLaren in 1966. McLaren registered its first victory in 1968 but the true dominance of McLaren was in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The domination was such that McLaren won 15 out of the 16 races in a year in the period. Williams was founded by Frank Williams and again Frank too was a driver. Williams lead the technological development in F1 that was triggered in the early 1990s. William dominated F1 from 1992 – 1994. 1975 – 1978 was a great time for Ferrari as it dominated F1. Ferrari bagged both drivers and constructors world championship in 1975 and followed it up with the constructors championship in 1976. The tragic accident of Lauda which kept him away from action for nearly 6 weeks was the reason that Ferrari could not get the drivers’ championship in 1976. Ferrari won both drivers and constructors championship in 1977, and the drivers’ championship in 1978. During this period Ferrari made few changes to its structure. Montezemolo was promoted to head the entire motorsport operations of Fiat, while Danielle Audetto was made Ferrari’s sporting Director. The strategy here was to replicate the success of Ferrari with Fiat. This strategy backfired as Audetto was not able to fill in the shoes of Montezemolo. He failed to develop a strong relationship with the lead driver and the design team. This eventually led to Lauda moving out of Ferrari. Also during this time, Ferrari became complacent and adopted a short-termed focused strategy wherein it tried to develop their

Understanding strategic corporate social responsibility Essay

Understanding strategic corporate social responsibility - Essay Example One of these is called strategic corporate social responsibility, an interesting perspective that is often equated with enlightened self-interest. Considerable amount of literature have been produced on the subject of the stakeholder concept. In addition to the identification of who these stakeholders are, attempts have been made to categorise them. Clarkson (1995) has divided them into primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders. The former are those who are essential to the survival of the firm: the owners/shareholders, customers, employees, communities, the government, and (contingently) suppliers and creditors. Secondary stakeholders are those that are not essential to the firms survival but are affected by its operations; these include interest groups such as environmentalists, the media, intellectual critics, trade associations, and even competitors. An expansive view would include future generations and natural entities such as the earths atmosphere, oceans, terrain, other living creatures as part of the stakeholders. In this stakeholder model, the welfare of each is an end in itself, not just a means to enrich or b enefit investors. This is in contrast with the traditional concept which puts the interests of the investors/ shareholders as paramount. There are several definitions of corporate social responsibility, but in general, according to Buchholz (1992), the concept means that a private corporation has responsibilities to society that go beyond the production and sale of goods and services at a profit – that the corporation has a broader constituency than the stockholders alone. Post et al (1996) states that a corporation should be held accountable for any of its actions that affect people, their communities, and their environment. Further, the corporation relates to society through more than just the marketplace and serves a wider range of human values than the traditional economic values that are dominant in the marketplace.

Mesothelial-Mesenchymal Transition (MMT) Mechanism

Mesothelial-Mesenchymal Transition (MMT) Mechanism Mesothelial cells play a vital role in maintaining the structure of peritoneal membrane and peritoneal homeostasis. During long term peritoneal dialysis, prolonged exposure of peritoneum membrane to peritoneal dialysis solution causes peritoneal fibrosis. Bioincompatible dialysis fluid causes mesothelial cells to undergo uncontrolled mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition triggered by Transforming growth factor-ÃŽÂ ²1, which leads morphological and functional disruption of membrane. This literature review is about mechanism of mesothelial -mesenchymal transition (MMT), myofibroblasts and its origin hypothesis, clock genes and their cross relation with organ fibrosis. 1.1 Peritoneum anatomy Peritoneum is defined as gliding membrane, composed of mesothelial cells maintained by basement membrane and thin layer of connective tissue. It consists of two distinct layers of mesothelium, known as parietal peritoneum and visceral peritoneum. Parietal peritoneum lines the peritoneal cavity and comes from somatic mesoderm of the embryo. Visceral covers the external surface of most abdominal organs and derived from splanchnic mesoderm of the embryo. Peritoneal cavity is potential space between both layers and is comprised of small amount of lubricating fluid, also known as serosal fluid which prevents friction between closely packed organs and allows free movement of them. [1,2] The primary function of peritoneal membrane is to provide support to abdominal organs. It also acts as passage to their blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. Peritoneal cavity is rich in number of cells like mesothelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes and immune cells like macrophages, T cells, B cells, mast cells. Along with cells, they contain cytokines and growth factors, like interleukin-1 (IL-1), Transforming growth factor-ÃŽÂ ²1 (TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). All through the development process of peritoneal fibrosis, peritoneal cells will experience changes and some of the pro inflammatory factors which act as inducers to induce fibrosis and inflammatory processes. In this designed project, we are going to focus on mesothelial cells along with Transforming growth factor-ÃŽÂ ² (TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1), which is considered as main mediator of organ fibrosis development. 1.2 Peritoneal Fibrosis caused by peritoneal dialysis Peritoneal Dialysis, an alternative to haemodialysis is being used about more than three decades ago to treat end stage renal disease. During this treatment, PD solution is introduced into the abdomen with the help of tube also known as catheter. This dialysis therapy uses peritoneum membrane as semi-permeable membrane and principle of diffusion, to diffuse waste from underlying blood vessel into the solution. PD solution is major drawback of this treatment which contributes to development of peritoneal fibrosis in patients due to its bioincompatible nature. Long-time exposure to hypertonic environment of PD solution with high glucose concentration, acidic pH, presence of Glucose Degradation Products (GDPs) and Advanced Glycation end-products(AGEs) causing functional and structural alterations in peritoneum membrane. [43] Other factor which triggers fibrosis process in peritoneum membrane during dialysis is peritonitis. Peritonitis is inflammation of peritoneum which is caused by infection that can occur either by using unsterile catheter tube, handling which lead to introduction of micro-organism into abdominal cavity. Interesting research was done by Troidle and team, where they reported that inflammation caused by Gram-positive bacteria in patient peritoneum are better managed than the one caused by gram-negative. [81] Numerous clinical studies carried out to study changes that occur in peritoneum of patients undergoes peritoneal dialysis. Till date, largest peritoneal biopsies study was carried out by William and colleague on total of 212 subjects, out of which 9 were normal individuals, 48 undergoing hemodialysis, 25 uremic and 130 subject undergoing PD. [44] There submesothelial thickness was measured, also were checked for vasculopathy and general morphological features. For normal individuals, submesothelial thickness was 50 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m, patients undergoing hemodialysis and uremic patients was 140 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m and 150 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m respectively and for PD patients, thickness was 270à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m. Similar thickness of uremic and haemodialysis patients indicates that uremia can cause change in the peritoneal membrane. Value of submesothelial thickness increased to 700 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m in long term PD patients, which directs towards fibrotic response of peritoneal to PD. They were also able to id entify vascular changes including increasing hyalinization leading to vasculopathy. These findings were confirmed by Plum et al and were able to identify link between increasing thickness of submesothelial layer and increasing transport rate of solutes. [45] 1.3 Mesothelial Cells Structural and Functional Properties Even though being mesoderm origin, mesothelial cells possess various characteristics of epithelial cells. Normally, mesothelial cells are squamous, and flattened in morphology. They are rich in cell organelles, microvilli and cilia are present on the surface. While cilia aim to regulate surfactant secretion, microvilli functions to entrap water and serous exudates in order to guard cell surface from frictional injuries. [5] Glycocalyx created by glycosaminoglycan, proteoglycans, and phospholipids surround mesothelial cells and have dual function. They form non-sticky slippery surface which supports intracoelomic movement and also provide protection against scratch. Mesothelial cells are specialized cells which plays key role in peritoneal homeostasis and maintains the integrity of the peritoneal membrane. The critical roles of mesothelial cells in peritoneum are to secrete and synthesize growth factors, cytokines and chemokines in peritoneal cavity by transport of fluid and solute across the membrane. [6] Mesothelial cells are considered as cells that are first in line in bodys defense system and they are able to sense and responds to signals within their microenvironment. They actively participate in deposition and clearance of local fibrin in the serosa membrane cavities. After mechanical injuries and infections, their fibrinolytic activity is important to prevent and remove any fibrin deposits that may forms. [7] Peritoneal membrane does act as selective permeability barrier to the channel of plasma proteins due to existence of anionic sites on mesothelial cells which in result provide net negative charge to the peritoneum membrane. In normal conditions, mesothelial cells are identified on its ability to express cell markers like occludin, claudin-1, ZO-1, Wilms Tumor-1, and E-cadherin. When mesothelial cells undergo Mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition which we will be explained in detail later; they either unable to express them or their level expression decreases. Therefore, its important to know about all mesothelial cell markers for easy identification within pool of cells. 1.3.1 Cell markers Cell markers are defined as molecules with distinctive genetic and biochemical characteristic. These cell markers are present in cells and can be either proteins, peptides or carbohydrates and mainly present in the cells. They are used to distinguish between different cell types. Some of cell markers are specific to cell types and some are disease specific. For instance, Cancer antigen 125, calretinin and vimentin are tumor markers that are expressed by tumor cells. Some of mesothelial cells markers are positive while some are negative. Markers like hyalurnon, phospholipids, protein phosphate inhibitors-1 are formed by mesothelial cells itself. Table below shows previously studied markers for mesothelial cells and their function. TABLE:- Cell Markers for mesothelial cells MARKER FUNCTION SOURCE REFERENCE AUA1 Immunocytochemical marker of epithelial cells Human [22] Calretinin Diagnostic tool for Hirschsprung Positive marker of mesothelioma Human [23][72] Cancer Antigen(CA) 125 Tumor marker Specific marker for mesothelial cell mass Human [24][73] CD44 Cancer stem cell marker Human [25] CD44H Receptor for hyaluronic acid Positive mesothelial marker Human [26][74] Cytokeratins Epithelial specific marker Expressed by mesothelial cells Human Rat [27][75] Cytokeratin 5/6 Mesothelioma marker Human [28] D2-40 Potential diagnostic marker of mesothelioma Human [29] Desmin Promising differentiating marker of reactive mesothelium from malignant epithelial Human [30] E-Cadherin Cell- cell adhesion marker Used for differentiating benign reactive mesothelial cells Human [31] HBME-1 Negative mesothelial marker in pleura Sensitive mesothelial marker in pleura Human Human [32][33] Hyalurnon Formed by Mesothelial cells Positive mesothelial peritoneal marker Human [34] Keratin Present in extreme amount in mesothelial cells Low amount or negative in mesothelioma Human Human [35] [36] Keratin 7 (K7) Highly expressed by mesothelial cells Human [37] Mcp130 Diagnostic tool for mesothelioma Also used for ovarian carcinomas Human Rat [38] ME1/ME2 Used for identifying both mesothelioma and normal mesothelial cells Human [22] Mesothelin Expressed by both reactive mesothelial cells and epithelioid mesothelioma Human [39] N-Cadherin Human mesenchymal stem cell marker Able to differentiate cardiomyocyte Human Human [30] [76] Phospholipids Formed by mesothelial cells Also known as positive marker for mesothelial cells in peritoneal fluid Human Human [34] [24] ProteinPhosphate Inhibitor-1 Consider as novel positive marker of mesothelium Mouse [40] Thrombomodulin Positive, specific and sensitive marker for mesothelial cells. Human [28] Vimentin Help in identifying mesothelial origin cells Human [41] Wilms Tumour 1 (Wt1) Marker used for differentiate between benign and epithelioid mesothelium Regulates transition of mesothelial into myofibroblasts Human Human [42] [77] 2.0 Fibroblasts in peritoneum To amend injuries in organ and tissues, cell response it in form of fibrosis. Resident fibroblast produces extracellular matrix and collagen. Myofibroblasts are the cells that are produced for carrying out the process of wound healing. In general, myofibroblast are gone through the process of apoptosis after completing healing process. It has been suggested that they become persistence after its mechanism fails and leading to more production and contraction of Extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen causing fibrotic diseases. 2.1  Myofibroblasts in fibrosis Myofibroblasts are defined as specialized subset of cells, which are considered as the key cells in tissue fibrosis. [9] Electron microscopy showed that myofibroblast have disorganized membrane (changes that occur in actin cytoskeleton), showed presence of stress fibers, microfilament bundles and also showed adhesions in the fibroblastic cells of granulation tissue. [10] Further electron microscopy showed the presence of gap junctions which connects myofibroblasts, thus strengthening the idea of resemblance between myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cell. Myofibroblast main functions are wound healing and connective tissue remodeling. 2.2 Fibroblast differentiation into Myofibroblast To study and analyze functions of myofibroblast, a series of both in-vivo and in-vitro experiments were carried out by Hinz and Gabbiani. [15] They defined the origin of myofibroblasts as a result of 2 step differentiation of fibroblast process. [78] In initial step, fibroblasts differentiate into proto-myofibroblasts during mechanical stress and results in production of stress fibers which contains cytoplasmic actin. They also function to express and establish cellular fibronectin and are also enable to produce contractile force. Term proto-myofibroblast was given to these activated fibroblasts to differentiate them from inactive fibroblasts which are unable to produce contractile force. TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1 along with ED-A fibronectin, under mechanical stress boosts further differentiation of proto-myofibroblast into myofibroblast. They are categorized by extensive ÃŽÂ ±-smooth muscle actin level of expression and produces stronger contractile force than proto-myofibroblasts. This is a lso contributing into connective tissue remodeling. Gabbiani and Hinz also stated that unlike dermal wound healing, in pathological wound healing myofibroblasts do not vanish through apoptosis instead they lead to tissue deformation. In fact, contractures triggered by them are recognized characteristic of organ fibrosis. [79] 2.3 Hypothesis surrounding Myofibroblasts origin The origin of Myofibroblasts in fibrotic tissue has been much debated, with disparate findings likely to stem from the range of different fibrotic diseases investigated and the array of technical approaches taken. [11] Most of the proposed theories have different cellular sources and mechanisms which lead to their origin (Figure 3). Previous studies on dermal fibrosis proposed that mesenchymal-like cells known as pericytes are resident source of myofibroblasts. Immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence of patients biopsies showed phenotype link between pericytes and myofibroblasts. [80] It has been described that pericytes can differentiate into osteoblast, adipocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Research carried out by Lin et al., on Col1a1-GFP mice and Humphreys et al., using FoxD1-Cre knock-in mice, both transgenic mice with aim to identify pericytes in genetically labelled renal stroma to suggest that major source of myofibroblasts is pericytes, a contractile cell. [12, 13] A limitation of the aforementioned studies is the lack of lineage tracing strategies and the use of non-specific markers to identify pericytes. Markers such as CD73, PDGFR- ÃŽÂ ² (Platelet-derived growth factor receptor- ÃŽÂ ²) and neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2) used in these studies are also expressed by resident fibroblasts. Endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndoMT), similar process to EMT can be another potential source myofibroblasts. Study done by Zeisberg on three independent mouse models with chronic kidney diseases to study renal fibrosis found that EndoMT may contribute in fibrosis as about 30-50% myofibroblasts were able to express ÃŽÂ ±-SMA and fibroblast-specific protein-1(FSP-1) and also endothelial cell markers CD31. [16] This indicates myofibroblasts may originate from endothelial cells. Myofibroblasts may also be derived from bone marrow. An elaborate series of studies carried out by Direkze et al., used molecular staining techniques for the detection of Y chromosome markers in irradiated female mice which were transplanted with male bone marrow. [18] They used skin wounding and paracetamol administration to create selection pressure to encourage engraftment of bone marrow derived myofibroblasts. They were able to identify myofibroblasts in the gut through their ability to express o f alpha- smooth muscle actin and their morphologies. These findings are controversial however, as other groups have failed to identify BM derived myofibroblasts. A recent study carried out by Yi Ting Chen et al., did genetic fate mapping of Wilms Tumor-1 positive cells on peritoneal fibrosis models. Fibrosis was induced either by dialysis solution, overexpression of TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1, or sodium hypochlorite. [19] Results of this study postures as a challenge to the significance of mesothelial cells as probable source of myofibroblasts. It showed rather than mesothelial cells, underlying submesothelial resident fibroblast give rise to collagen producing myofibroblast. Results of genetic fate mapping of WT1+ mesothelial cells showed that after peritoneal injury, remaining mesothelial cells repair the disrupted peritoneal membrane by contributing to remesothelialization, but do not undergo MMT. While previous studies used Wt-1 as a biomarker and Cre recombinase to trace the fate of mesothelial cells. This makes it obvious that Chen finding still needs to be confirmed. This study also The last proposed theory for origin of myofibroblast is epithelial -mesenchymal transition. Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) is commonly defined as process during which transition to mesenchymal cells, epithelial cells lose their cell-cell adhesion and their polarity. Followed by obtaining mesenchymal markers like FSP 1, HSP47, ÃŽÂ ±-SMA and vimentin but loses epithelial markers. [20] Myofibroblasts derived from epithelial cells through EMT proposed theory got strong piece of evidence from immunohistochemical study of peritoneal fibroblasts of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients carried out by J-Heffernan et al. [14] Biopsies samples were taken from CAPD patients and divided into four groups: normal (I), non CAPD uremic (II), CAPD uremic (III) and non- renal patients with inguinal hernia (IV). Markers like desmin, E-cadherin, cytokeratins, ÃŽÂ ±-SMA and also CD34 were analysed for expression by mesothelial cells and resident fibroblasts. Group I and II did expressed CD34 but no other markers. The reverse pattern was observed in other two g roups. Degree of peritoneal fibrosis is connected with loss of CD34 expression. Myofibroblasts appear to originate from both by activations of resident fibroblasts and by mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells. 3.0 Mesothelial-Mesenchymal Transition (MMT) Under regular conditions, Mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition of mesothelial cells is an autoregulated biological process which functions to repair tissues but under uncontrolled situations (Long term Peritoneal dialysis) they can cause Peritoneal fibrosis. 3.1 Stages of MMT Mesothelial -Mesenchymal Transition (MMT) is similar process to Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). Defined as a step-wise and complex process where mesothelial cells undergo modifications in their architecture and molecular functions. [21] [48] Simple steps in which process of MMT occurs starts with the downregulation of intracellular adhesion molecules causing loss of microvilli, apical-basal polarity and disrupting intracellular tight junction. These transition undergoing cells adopt front to back polarity, have increased in their migration capacity, morphological changes and are able to express ÃŽÂ ±-SMA. The main objective of this process is to repair wounded tissues and also play role in process like migration of cells, inducing neoangiogenesis and production of extracellular matrix. Molecules and signaling pathways that play role of either inducers or blocker during the process of MMT are TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1 induced signaling pathways and BMP-7 signaling pathway. They are member of superfamily of growth factors, along with activins/inhibin and growth and differentiation factors (GDFs). Main attention is on growth factors because equilibrium between these factors maintains the epithelial like-phenotypic characteristics of Mesothelial cells and also in acquiring mesenchymal cells characteristics. Studies not only showed that high levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, CTGF and VEGF are expressed by mesothelial cells that undergo MMT. But also that there is connection between expression of these molecules and rate of transport of solute across peritoneal membrane. These molecules are also caught up into fibrotic, angiogenic and also in inflammatory responses. [49][50][51] 3.2 Cell Signaling Pathways Activation of TGF- ÃŽÂ ², master molecule in peritoneal fibrosis during Peritoneal Dialysis, starts MMT signalling cascade with activating receptors that triggers smads- dependent (GSK-3, ÃŽÂ ²-catenin, Lef-1/Tcf, integrin-linked kinase) and smads-independent signalling (H-Ras/Raf/ERK) pathway. [48][52][53][54] Smad are intracellular proteins that functions to transfer signals from TGF-ÃŽÂ ² to nucleus for gene transcription. Smad dependent signalling pathways activates when TGF-ÃŽÂ ² and BMP-7 binds with their respective receptor type II (TGF R-II and BMP R-II respectively). The binding leads to activation of receptors type I of TGF and BMP-7. These receptors type I functions to carry out phosphorylation process. TGF R-I phosphorylates Smad2 and Smad3 in TGF-ÃŽÂ ² pathway and Smad1, Smad5 and Smad8 by BMP R-I. These activated Smads forms heterodimers with Smad4. Followed by translocation of these complexes into the nucleus where they function to activate genes involved in either process of MMT and rMMT (Fig. 5) Presence of few other BMP-7 modulators may affect the signalling of BMP-7. Smad dependent signalling pathway of TGF-ÃŽÂ ² and BMP-7 are controlled by Smad7 and Smad6 respectively. In case of Smad independent pathway of TGF-ÃŽÂ ² and BMP-7 involves a protein kinase TAK1, which functions to regulate processes like transcription and apoptosis. In TGF-ÃŽÂ ² signalling pathway, TRAF6 initiates activation of TAK1 which further leads to activation of p38 and MAPK-JNK signalling pathway. Receptor type I of TGF-ÃŽÂ ² phosphorylates Shc, which helps in activating MAP kinase ERK1/2 signalling pathway. p38 pathway act as blocker of mesothelial cells conversion to mesenchymal. Maybe its due to the fact that XIAB, a protein belonging to the family of inhibitor of apoptosis protein helps BMP-7 to activate p38 signalling pathway. TGF-ÃŽÂ ² also encourages PI3-K/Akt pathway by inactivating GSK-3ÃŽÂ ², to stabilize ÃŽÂ ²-catenin and snail and to activate mTOR. This results in localisation of ÃŽÂ ²-catenin into the nucleus, where they interact with LEF1/TCF, in order to feed into Wnt signalling pathway. They also contribute in the transcription of mesenchyma l-related genes. Furthermore, localisation of snail into the nuclear encourages transcriptional repression of E-cadherin and several other adhesion molecules. Smad dependent or independent pathway, both depicts the fact that TGF-ÃŽÂ ² plays a key role in developing fibrosis by promoting mesothelial to mesenchymal transition. Another fact is BMP-7 plays role of antagonist to TGF-ÃŽÂ ². Utmost studies has used TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1 as their target goal to design therapeutic treatment for peritoneal fibrosis. Most of them intend to control TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1 activity either via drug or synthetic proteins design specifically for this purpose. 3.3 Evidences of Mesothelial-mesenchymal transition (MMT) There are more than enough studies results which clearly supports the process of MMT occurring fibrosis but in 2003, Yanez-Mo et al., published breakthrough in-vitro and in-vivo study where they were able to demonstrated MCs undergoes mesenchymal conversion. [46]. Primarily in vitro studies were carried on by isolating mesothelial cells from patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. These isolated cells were characterized using immunostaining, western blotting, flow cytometry and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Mesothelial cells from omentum from healthy persons were used as control and all results were compared. Morphological analysis sample showed varies morphologies ranging from cobblestone like appearing cells to fibroblast like cells. Mixed morphology and non-epithelioid were also observed in few samples. Level of E-cadherin, cytokeratin and vimentin were analyzed for the mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in mesothelial cell cultures. Results demonstrated not iceably low level of E-cadherin and cytokeratin expression in both cobblestones like cells and non-epithelioid cell as compared to omentum cell cultures. In non-epithelioid cells, vimentin has high expression level. Expression of snail and E-cadherin in mesothelial cells isolated from effluent and omentum were analyzed by the process of RT-PCR. While in omentum mesothelial cells, showed no presence of snail mRNA but increase in expression of these messenger RNA in effluent derived mesothelial cells. These results were established after carrying out in vivo studies of peritoneal biopsy samples. With dual aim of studying anatomical changes in peritoneal membrane and correlating them with functional parameter, Del Peso and team carried out a clinical study. [47] They used peritoneum biopsies taken from thirty-five steady patients which were still taking peritoneum dialysis treatment form last 2 years. They observe loss of mesothelial layer in about 74% patients, fibrosis in 46%, 17% showed presence vasculopathy. With submesothelial cytokeratin staining, 17% showed evidence of EMT. Interestingly, they found that myofibroblasts were present in all patients with EMT but only in 36% without EMT. 3.4 Potential therapeutic approaches to reverse MMT (rMMT) Several studies describe therapeutic strategies which are targeting anti-EMT of Mesothelial cells are emerging as promising treatment against fibrosis development. Tamoxifen is a drug used for treating breast cancer. The tamoxifen is oestrogen receptor and their activity affects action of TGF- ÃŽÂ ²1 has been reported. In year 1991, Clark and team showed noticeable decrease in level of peritoneal fibrosis, when given orally to peritoneal fibrosis patients. Loureiro and team also used this drug to study its effect in early stage of PD induced peritoneal fibrosis. [61] Theyused PD model of mice for in-vivo study and along with that they also did in-vitro study. In vitro studies were carried out with mesothelial cells (MCs) derived from omentum and effluent. Mesothelial cell sample cultures were checked for any change in morphology and also level of E-cadherin expression after treating them with Tamoxifen. For effluent derived MCs, MMT was not reversed by Tamoxifen but some mesenchymal molecules expression was reduced. In mice PD model, they confirmed that MMT and thickness of peritoneal membrane increases parallel. They also observed that Tamoxifen does reduce thickness of peritoneal membrane and improves its function. They also administrated P17 and P144, synthetic peptides that were designed to bind with TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1 directly. [62] It has been reported that in organs like liver, heart, skin these peptides have shown strong antifibrotic effect by blocking biological function of TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1. Bone morphogenic protein-7 (BMP-7) and Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), are two molecules that were successfully demonstrated their ability to inhibit and reverse process of Mesothelial to mesenchymal transition and renal fibrosis in animal models by X Y D et al., and Yang et al. [64] [65] In vitro study carried by Yang and team, where they used histone acetyltransferase inhibitor (HAT) C646 in EMT model of HPMCs. [66] EMT was induced by treating with high glucose. C646 treatment of EMT model, found TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1/Smad3 signalling was blocked. This might provide with a novel therapeutic treatment for peritoneal fibrosis. Even though most of the therapeutic studies focused on mesothelial mesenchymal transition process and TGF-ÃŽÂ ²1, there are other factors that contributes to loss of functional properties of peritoneum. Thus promotin

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In the past, people have always tried their own ways of using daily measurements. It was needed and used for daily trade as well as further businesses. These things could only have been made if the people knew they were being fair and honest; hence, the reason that different measurements needed to exist. Many short distance measurements were based on the lengths of the human body. The width of a thumb was used to resemble the inch, which we used today in the English System of Measurements. The foot, which is twelve inches, was compared to the length of the human foot; however, today it is derived to be longer than most people’s feet. The yard, which is equal to three feet, was inferred to be the length from the tip of the nose, to the end of the middle finger when the arm and hand are extended. The Anglo Saxons of England measured these short differences in their own ways too. The length of three barleycorns was their length of the inch (it was very close to the modern length) . Then in 1066, the Normans conquered England and brought back to England the Roman tradition of the twelve inch foot. During the reign of Henry I the foot became official and was engraved on the base of a column of St. Peter’s church in London (Rowlett, R. (2001). A dictionary of units of measurement. English customary weights and measures). He also arranged the yard to be established in England as well. Although, inches, feet, yards etc. measured shorter distances, miles were used to measure much longer distances. This mile was a Roman unit, which was primarily the length of 1,000 paces of a Roman legion. The â€Å"pace† was meant to be two steps, about five feet, which measured the mile to be roughly about 5,000 feet. The basic unit that was used for weight ... .... Origin of the metric system). Currently, people of many countries use this SI unit for measurements. The meter is used for measuring length (it can be converted to millimeters, centimeters, decimeters, kilometers, decameters, and hectometers). The liter is used to measure volume and its conversions are similar to the meter conversions. The gram is used to measure mass and its conversions follow the meter’s conversions as well. Scientists from all over the world make sure of they use this metric system in order to communicate data and make all calculations simpler. Although a vast majority of world uses the metric system in daily activities, the United States, UK, and other countries decide to still use English units daily. And even though everyone in the world may use different measurements daily, it was all created to make our lives a little simpler each day.

Montag as Hero in Fahrenheit 451 Essay -- Fahrenheit 451 Essays Papers

Montag as Hero in Fahrenheit 451 Â   Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 was first published in 1933, and its story entails a futuristic world in the middle of a nuclear war. The totalitarian government of this future forbids its people from reading or taking a part in other acts that involve individual thinking. The law against reading is, presumably, fairly new, and the government is faced with the enormous task of destroying all of its citizens' books. This disposal of books is the profession of the main character, Guy Montag, who is officially titled a "fireman." He and his crew raid libraries and homes, burning any books they find before dozens of overjoyed onlookers. Throughout the beginning of the novel, Montag appears to be a ruthless, detestable human being. Surprisingly, however, it is Montag who emerges as the protagonist at the end. Montag is a dynamic character; he is constantly learning, changing, and keeping the reader interested. Ray Bradbury is able to incorporate careful details and ideas which change the re ader's opinion of Montag and allow him to become the hero of the story. As Fahrenheit 451 begins, Guy Montag is burning the books of a house, and is thoroughly enjoying his feast of flames. Bradbury places several subtle metaphors in this section that cause the reader to equate Montag with a detestable, serpent-like human being. As Montag stood "with this great python spitting its venomous kerosene upon the world, the blood pounded in his head. . ." (19). Montag even takes on the appearance of a monster in the line, ". . . and his eyes all orange flame with the thought of what came next. . ." (19). It is difficult to understand why Montag loves burning so much, and the fact that he receives so much pleasur... ... story progresses, Montag completely turns his belief system around and becomes an advocate for the salvation of books. He is cast out of his own job and home, but at the last moment his decision saves him from certain destruction by a nuclear bomb. Montag becomes a hero, one of the last few remaining with the power of literature contained in their minds. Fahrenheit 451 shows that a character's personality may have many more facets than are first visible. Bradbury is able to refract the crystal of Montag's character, so that it reflects into each reader's heart a different aspect of humanity. Once Montag becomes more human, Bradbury makes it nearly impossible for the reader to hold grudges about his past. Using this as a tool, Montag, the first apparent antagonist of the story, overcomes the government, which is the real antagonist, and emerges as the hero. Â